Biological evaluation of highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V alloys manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF)

L-Carolina Patiño; Robinson Aguirre Ocampo; Esneyder Arias; Juan Velez-Hidalgo; Diego Uribe; Maryory Gómez; Juan Guillermo Castaño; Alejandro A. Zuleta; Carlos Botero; José A. Tamayo

doi:10.1007/s00170-026-17823-1

Biological evaluation of highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V alloys manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF)

L-Carolina Patiño
, Robinson Aguirre Ocampo
, Esneyder Arias
, Juan Velez-Hidalgo
, Diego Uribe
, Maryory Gómez
, Juan Guillermo Castaño
, Alejandro A. Zuleta
, Carlos Botero
, José A. Tamayo

Design Studies

Research output: Contribution to scientific journal › Article in an indexed scientific journal › peer-review

Abstract

This experimental work evaluates the biological activity of highly ordered TiO ₂ nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V samples manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) in longitudinal and cross orientation. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay shows that TiO ₂ nanotubes produced on EB-PBF in longitudinal and cross orientation showed non-cytotoxic activity with viability percentages exceeding 85% in L929 and MG-63 cell lines. Additionally, moderate ROS and NO production from RAW 264.7 murine macrophages confirm TiO ₂ nanotubes cytocompatibility. In cell adhesion assays, active living MG-63 cells with a strong green fluorescence signal, lamellipodia structures and mitotic rounded-cells, were seen in both TiO ₂ nanotubes produced on EB-PBF in longitudinal and cross orientation. From the results of our experimental work, there are no significant differences in the cellular behavior of TiO ₂ nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V samples manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) in longitudinal or cross orientation. The significance of this work lies in clarifying how an important processing variable in additive manufacturing build orientation impacts the biological performance of nanostructured implant surfaces.

Original language	English
Journal	The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
Volume	144
Issue number	3-4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-026-17823-1
State	Published - 13 Apr 2026

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2026.

Keywords

Additive manufacturing
Anodizing
Cell adhesion
Coatings
Cytocompatibility
Electron beam melting
TiO nanotubes
Wettability

Types Minciencias

Artículos de investigación con calidad A1 / Q1

Access to Document

10.1007/s00170-026-17823-1

Cite this

Patiño, L.-C., Ocampo, R. A., Arias, E., Velez-Hidalgo, J., Uribe, D., Gómez, M., Castaño, J. G., Zuleta, A. A., Botero, C., & Tamayo, J. A. (2026). Biological evaluation of highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V alloys manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF). The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 144(3-4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-026-17823-1

@article{e217ac8fdc1040e3bc0b26a39813853b,

title = "Biological evaluation of highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V alloys manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF)",

abstract = "This experimental work evaluates the biological activity of highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V samples manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) in longitudinal and cross orientation. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay shows that TiO2 nanotubes produced on EB-PBF in longitudinal and cross orientation showed non-cytotoxic activity with viability percentages exceeding 85\% in L929 and MG-63 cell lines. Additionally, moderate ROS and NO production from RAW 264.7 murine macrophages confirm TiO2 nanotubes cytocompatibility. In cell adhesion assays, active living MG-63 cells with a strong green fluorescence signal, lamellipodia structures and mitotic rounded-cells, were seen in both TiO2 nanotubes produced on EB-PBF in longitudinal and cross orientation. From the results of our experimental work, there are no significant differences in the cellular behavior of TiO2 nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V samples manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) in longitudinal or cross orientation. The significance of this work lies in clarifying how an important processing variable in additive manufacturing build orientation impacts the biological performance of nanostructured implant surfaces. ",

keywords = "Additive manufacturing, Anodizing, Cell adhesion, Coatings, Cytocompatibility, Electron beam melting, TiO nanotubes, Wettability",

author = "L-Carolina Pati{\~n}o and Ocampo, \{Robinson Aguirre\} and Esneyder Arias and Juan Velez-Hidalgo and Diego Uribe and Maryory G{\'o}mez and Casta{\~n}o, \{Juan Guillermo\} and Zuleta, \{Alejandro A.\} and Carlos Botero and Tamayo, \{Jos{\'e} A.\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2026.",

year = "2026",

month = apr,

day = "13",

doi = "10.1007/s00170-026-17823-1",

language = "Ingl{\'e}s",

volume = "144",

journal = "The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology",

number = "3-4",

}

Patiño, L-C, Ocampo, RA, Arias, E, Velez-Hidalgo, J, Uribe, D, Gómez, M, Castaño, JG, Zuleta, AA, Botero, C & Tamayo, JA 2026, 'Biological evaluation of highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V alloys manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF)', The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 144, no. 3-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-026-17823-1

Biological evaluation of highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V alloys manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF). / Patiño, L-Carolina; Ocampo, Robinson Aguirre; Arias, Esneyder et al.
In: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 144, No. 3-4, 13.04.2026.

Research output: Contribution to scientific journal › Article in an indexed scientific journal › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Biological evaluation of highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V alloys manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF)

AU - Patiño, L-Carolina

AU - Ocampo, Robinson Aguirre

AU - Arias, Esneyder

AU - Velez-Hidalgo, Juan

AU - Uribe, Diego

AU - Gómez, Maryory

AU - Castaño, Juan Guillermo

AU - Zuleta, Alejandro A.

AU - Botero, Carlos

AU - Tamayo, José A.

PY - 2026/4/13

Y1 - 2026/4/13

N2 - This experimental work evaluates the biological activity of highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V samples manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) in longitudinal and cross orientation. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay shows that TiO2 nanotubes produced on EB-PBF in longitudinal and cross orientation showed non-cytotoxic activity with viability percentages exceeding 85% in L929 and MG-63 cell lines. Additionally, moderate ROS and NO production from RAW 264.7 murine macrophages confirm TiO2 nanotubes cytocompatibility. In cell adhesion assays, active living MG-63 cells with a strong green fluorescence signal, lamellipodia structures and mitotic rounded-cells, were seen in both TiO2 nanotubes produced on EB-PBF in longitudinal and cross orientation. From the results of our experimental work, there are no significant differences in the cellular behavior of TiO2 nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V samples manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) in longitudinal or cross orientation. The significance of this work lies in clarifying how an important processing variable in additive manufacturing build orientation impacts the biological performance of nanostructured implant surfaces.

AB - This experimental work evaluates the biological activity of highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V samples manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) in longitudinal and cross orientation. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay shows that TiO2 nanotubes produced on EB-PBF in longitudinal and cross orientation showed non-cytotoxic activity with viability percentages exceeding 85% in L929 and MG-63 cell lines. Additionally, moderate ROS and NO production from RAW 264.7 murine macrophages confirm TiO2 nanotubes cytocompatibility. In cell adhesion assays, active living MG-63 cells with a strong green fluorescence signal, lamellipodia structures and mitotic rounded-cells, were seen in both TiO2 nanotubes produced on EB-PBF in longitudinal and cross orientation. From the results of our experimental work, there are no significant differences in the cellular behavior of TiO2 nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V samples manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) in longitudinal or cross orientation. The significance of this work lies in clarifying how an important processing variable in additive manufacturing build orientation impacts the biological performance of nanostructured implant surfaces.

KW - Additive manufacturing

KW - Anodizing

KW - Cell adhesion

KW - Coatings

KW - Cytocompatibility

KW - Electron beam melting

KW - TiO nanotubes

KW - Wettability

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105035701847

U2 - 10.1007/s00170-026-17823-1

DO - 10.1007/s00170-026-17823-1

M3 - Artículo en revista científica indexada

VL - 144

JO - The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

JF - The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

IS - 3-4

ER -

Biological evaluation of highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes produced on Ti6Al4V alloys manufactured via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF)

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

Types Minciencias

Access to Document

Fingerprint

Cite this