Finite Element Implementation of Delta-P1 Model for Simulation of Photothermal Cancer Therapy in Heterogeneous Tissues

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is an emerging non-invasive treatment for cancer, offering targeted, localized therapy with minimal side effects. Its growing significance lies in its ability to precisely heat and destroy tumor cells while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. This study aimed to validate the (Formula presented.) approximation for simulating light propagation and thermal effects in biological tissues, particularly for photothermal therapy (PTT) applications. The model is applied to various scenarios, including homogeneous and heterogeneous tissue geometries with different optical properties and nanoparticle concentrations. The results are compared with analytical solutions, Monte Carlo results and experimental data to assess model accuracy. The (Formula presented.) approximation demonstrates superior performance compared to Beer–Lambert and Standard diffusion models, accurately predicting temperature distributions and capturing the influence of heterogeneous geometries. These findings highlight the potential of the (Formula presented.) model to significantly advance the field of PTT by providing reliable predictions for treatment planning and optimization.