Parasitosis y antiparasitarios en niños

Parasitosis continues to be a serious problem in pediatrics, not only because it is a cause of death, but because of the morbility and the long-term effects it has on growth and development in children and later on in their adult life. The most prevalent parasites in children include those transmitted by contact with the soil (geohelminths or soil-transmitted helminths, STH), amongst which the most common are the ascaris, trichocephalia, and uncinaria. Since intestinal parasites are not produced inside the human body, they are mainly contracted through soil contaminated with fecal matter. Thus, the principal determining factors include fecal contamination in the environment, contaminated water, improper excreta management, and poor personal hygiene, especially hand washing. Its clinical manifestations vary in intensity and in signs; also, many individuals with parasites may be asymptomatic for a long period of time, but their fecal matter contains eggs, thus, contaminating the environment and perpetuating its prevalence. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that regions where geohelminthiasis prevalence is 20% or higher should be massively treated for parasites with a periodicity that is appropriate for the seriousness of the prevalence. Currently, there are effective antiparsitics available that are easy to administer (even by non-medical personnel). The most common medications (albendazole and mebendazole) inhibit the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) needed for survival. Since only between 1 and 5% of the medication is absorbed and children’s metabolism is fast, secondary effects are minor and transitory. It is recommended that they be used in patients that live in high-risk areas and in communities with a prevalence of 20% or higher, conducting periodic mass drug administration for parasite removal depending on the behavior of the prevalence. Regular parasite removal has an evident impact on growth, nutritional state, cognitive performance, as well as its effects on the social and environmental fields.